Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses (BAER) - Revision history

Wdoyon: /* Auditory pathways */

2020-02-19T22:02:57Z

Auditory pathways

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 19 February 2020
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	==Auditory pathways==		==Auditory pathways==
	When sound enters the ear, the sensory information is ~~first~~ transduced by the receptors in the cochlea (inner ear). The cochlea is composed of fluid-filled compartments separated by membranes. The membranes express hair cells that are 'tuned' to a particular frequency. Sufficient movement of the hair cells will depolarize individual fibers of the auditory portion of the VIII cranial nerve. There are inner and outer hair cells; the inner hair cells are involved in signal transduction and can connect to multiple axons of the auditory nerve.		When sound enters the ear, the sensory information is transduced by the receptors in the cochlea (inner ear). The cochlea is composed of fluid-filled compartments separated by membranes. The membranes express hair cells that are 'tuned' to a particular frequency. Sufficient movement of the hair cells will depolarize individual fibers of the auditory portion of the VIII cranial nerve. There are inner and outer hair cells; the inner hair cells are involved in signal transduction and can connect to multiple axons of the auditory nerve.

	The cochlear nucleus in the brainstem is the first relay station.		The cochlear nucleus in the brainstem is the first relay station.

Wdoyon: /* Recording Techniques */

2020-02-19T22:02:09Z

Recording Techniques

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 19 February 2020
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	==Recording Techniques==		==Recording Techniques==
	To record BAERs, a recording electrode is placed near the ear above the mastoid process. The reference electrode can be placed at the forehead (Fpz) or CZ.		To record BAERs, a recording electrode is placed near the ear above the mastoid process or the ear lobe. The reference electrode can be placed at the forehead (Fpz) or CZ.

	==Waveform==		==Waveform==

Wdoyon: /* Auditory pathways */

2020-02-07T21:25:15Z

Auditory pathways

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:25, 7 February 2020
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	==Auditory pathways==		==Auditory pathways==
	When sound enters the ear, the sensory information is first transduced by the receptors in the cochlea (inner ear). The cochlea is composed of fluid-filled compartments separated by membranes. The membranes express hair cells that are 'tuned' to a particular frequency. Sufficient movement of the hair cells will depolarize individual fibers of the auditory portion of the VIII cranial nerve. There are inner and outer hair cells; the inner hair cells are involved in signal transduction and can connect to multiple axons of the auditory nerve.		When sound enters the ear, the sensory information is first transduced by the receptors in the cochlea (inner ear). The cochlea is composed of fluid-filled compartments separated by membranes. The membranes express hair cells that are 'tuned' to a particular frequency. Sufficient movement of the hair cells will depolarize individual fibers of the auditory portion of the VIII cranial nerve. There are inner and outer hair cells; the inner hair cells are involved in signal transduction and can connect to multiple axons of the auditory nerve.

			The cochlear nucleus in the brainstem is the first relay station.

	==Stimulation==		==Stimulation==

Wdoyon: /* Stimulation */

2020-02-07T21:11:07Z

Stimulation

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:11, 7 February 2020
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	==Stimulation==		==Stimulation==
	In the clinical setting, ~~action potentials generated by the auditory nerve are elicited by~~ click sounds or ~~a tone burst~~.		In the clinical setting, stimuli that consists of click sounds are emitted in the frequency range of 1000–4000 Hz to each ear through small earphone stimulators or shielded headphones. Tone bursts are also used as auditory stimuli.

	==Recording Techniques==		==Recording Techniques==

Wdoyon: /* Recording Techniques */

2020-02-07T21:09:24Z

Recording Techniques

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:09, 7 February 2020
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	==Recording Techniques==		==Recording Techniques==
	To record BAERs, a recording electrode is placed near the ear above the mastoid process. The reference electrode can be placed at the forehead (Fpz) or CZ~~. Auditory stimuli that consist of click sounds are emitted in the frequency range of 1000–4000 Hz to each ear through small earphone stimulators or shielded headphones~~.		To record BAERs, a recording electrode is placed near the ear above the mastoid process. The reference electrode can be placed at the forehead (Fpz) or CZ.

	==Waveform==		==Waveform==

Wdoyon: /* Recording Techniques */

2020-02-07T21:08:47Z

Recording Techniques

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 7 February 2020
Line 9:		Line 9:

	==Recording Techniques==		==Recording Techniques==
			To record BAERs, a recording electrode is placed near the ear above the mastoid process. The reference electrode can be placed at the forehead (Fpz) or CZ. Auditory stimuli that consist of click sounds are emitted in the frequency range of 1000–4000 Hz to each ear through small earphone stimulators or shielded headphones.

	==Waveform==		==Waveform==

Wdoyon: /* Introduction */

2020-02-07T20:55:50Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:55, 7 February 2020
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	~~BAERs~~ are critical for monitoring the integrity of the brainstem and cortex. BAERs are a series of positive and negative waveforms that arise from neural structures associated with the ascending auditory pathway, including the cochlea, brainstem, and auditory cortex. Short latency BAERs (< 10 ms) are used to monitor brainstem function, whereas long‐latency BAERs (> 10 ms) are used to monitor cortical function.		Auditory evoked potentials are critical for monitoring the integrity of the brainstem and cortex. BAERs are a series of positive and negative waveforms that arise from neural structures associated with the ascending auditory pathway, including the cochlea, brainstem, and auditory cortex. Short latency BAERs (< 10 ms) are used to monitor brainstem function, whereas long‐latency BAERs (> 10 ms) are used to monitor cortical function.

	==Auditory pathways==		==Auditory pathways==

Wdoyon: /* Introduction */

2020-02-07T20:54:55Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:54, 7 February 2020
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	BAERs are a series of positive and negative waveforms that arise from neural structures associated with the ascending auditory pathway, including the cochlea, brainstem, and auditory cortex. Short latency BAERs (< 10 ms) are used to monitor brainstem function, whereas long‐latency BAERs (> 10 ms) are used to monitor cortical function.		BAERs are critical for monitoring the integrity of the brainstem and cortex. BAERs are a series of positive and negative waveforms that arise from neural structures associated with the ascending auditory pathway, including the cochlea, brainstem, and auditory cortex. Short latency BAERs (< 10 ms) are used to monitor brainstem function, whereas long‐latency BAERs (> 10 ms) are used to monitor cortical function.

	==Auditory pathways==		==Auditory pathways==

Wdoyon: /* Waveform */

2020-02-07T20:51:39Z

Waveform

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:51, 7 February 2020
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	==Waveform==		==Waveform==
			There are different types of electric potentials with varying inter-peak latencies. Each peak represents the activity of a specific neural generator. For example, the cochlea generates cochlear microphonics and summating potentials.

	#Peaks and neural generators		#Peaks and neural generators

Wdoyon: /* Auditory pathways */

2020-02-07T20:47:57Z

Auditory pathways

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 7 February 2020
Line 3:		Line 3:

	==Auditory pathways==		==Auditory pathways==
	When sound enters the ear, the sensory information is first transduced by the receptors in the cochlea (inner ear). The cochlea is composed of fluid-filled compartments separated by membranes. The membranes express hair cells that are 'tuned' to a particular frequency. Sufficient movement of the hair cells will depolarize individual fibers of the auditory portion of the VIII cranial nerve. There are inner and outer hair cells; the inner hair cells are involved in signal transduction and can connect to multiple axons of the auditory nerve~~. There are different types of electric potentials that are generated in the cochlea, including cochlear microphonics and summating potentials~~.		When sound enters the ear, the sensory information is first transduced by the receptors in the cochlea (inner ear). The cochlea is composed of fluid-filled compartments separated by membranes. The membranes express hair cells that are 'tuned' to a particular frequency. Sufficient movement of the hair cells will depolarize individual fibers of the auditory portion of the VIII cranial nerve. There are inner and outer hair cells; the inner hair cells are involved in signal transduction and can connect to multiple axons of the auditory nerve.

	==Stimulation==		==Stimulation==